Victor Gruen working with his associates, ca. 1965

It might be noticed that all at the table are males. Until 1972 and the advent of Title IX, which forbade gender discrimination in federally funded education programs, most American architecture schools refused to admit women. According to The American Institute of Architects, in 1958, 1 percent of registered architects were women. By 1988 that number had risen to 4 percent and to 13.5 percent by 1999. Women principals and partners at firms grew from 4 percent in 1999 to 16 percent in 2005.